Prevention of infection in IVC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prevention of infection in IVC - Essay Example These intravascular catheters usually terminate at or near the heart, or in one of the great vessels including vena cava among others (Cdc.gov, 2010). This paper looks into prevention of infection in Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). Before inserting catheters, the inserter and their assistant(s) should observe strict proper hand hygiene by washing hands either with alcohol-based hand rub or with conventional antiseptic-containing soap. They should also take maximal barrier precautions – use mask, head cover, sterile gloves and sterile gown. They should also drape the patient with the full body drape and maintain a sterile environment during the insertion. The inserter should perform a back-and-forth friction scrub on the site skin using chlorhexidine skin preparation, and then ensure that the solution dries utterly before attempting central line insertion. The drying time varies with the site of insertion. If possible, use antimicrobial-impregnated catheters. After initial insertion, they should apply occlusive sterile dressing per policy. Unless in emergencies, they should not perform any fluids/medications administration through the line prior to verifying the catheter tip placement. Most importantly, one should never connect previously used administration sets and fluids to central venous access lines (WHO, 2005).

A Profile of the Irish Republican Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

A Profile of the Irish Republican Army - Essay Example Irish Volunteers used to be a militant nationalist group, which came into being in 1913. IRA claimed to represent the nationalist, Catholic community in Northern Ireland. The group is linked with the political party Sinn Fein. Sinn Fein was formed in 1905 at Ireland. It is the oldest political party, whose name originates from the Irish Gaelic phrase for â€Å"We Ourselves.† Since its foundation, the party has strived for the right of Irish nationals aiming at attaining national self determination (Derkins 2002, p. 20). The Provisional Irish Republican Army was instituted in 1969 as the covert armed division of Sinn Fein. Sinn Fein was a lawful political movement committed to confiscating British army from Northern Ireland and uniting Ireland. The group used violence as the tool of removing British authorities from Ireland. The differences arose within IRA regarding the widespread use of violence. As a result of the Sinn Fein conference in Dublin, in 1969, the IRA was split into two, Provisional and Official divisions (Derkins 2002, p. 22). Although both wings were dedicated to a unified socialist republic of Irish, the Official favored parliamentary strategies and shunned violence after 1972. On the other hand, Provisionals supposed that violence, especially terrorism, was a crucial component of the struggle to remove United Kingdom from Ireland. The group has received assistance from a range of organizations and states. The group has received substantial training and weapons from Libya and Palestine Liberation Organization. As a result of the similarities of IRA operations, there is the probability of links between IRA and Basque militant organization, ETA, and guerrillas FARC in Colombia (Shanahan 2009, p.12). Aims and Ideology As Derkins (2002, p. 32) observes, the main aims of the group were to establish an Irish republic, ending the British rule in Northern Ireland and the reunion of Ireland. This would then lead to establish a democratic socialist republic. The group claimed to be the Catholic republicans fightin g for the rights of the Catholics. The IRA purpose was to employ military to make British ruling in Ireland unsuccessful. This would then assist in attaining the broader goal of an independent republic, which Sinn Fein was pursuing at the political level. Since its formation, the group has functioned independently of political power. However, its membership overlaps with that of Sinn Fein. During the Anglo-Irish War, from 1919 to 1921, the IRA, under the direction of Michael Collins, used guerilla tactics, comprising raids, sabotage and ambushes, to force negotiations with the British government. The war led to an agreement that established two new political units; the Irish Free State and the Northern Ireland. The Irish Free State consisted of 26 counties and was given dominion status inside the British Empire. Northern Ireland, also known as a province of Ulster, comprised of 6 counties, and it remained a fraction of the U.K. Significant elements within IRA rejected this partition and started a civil war, eventually triumphed by the pro-treaty Irish army (Tugwell 1981, p. 13). In the 1970s, the relationship between Britain and Free State remained chilly. The old IRA sustained a low degree of campaign of violence intended at reuniting Ireland. However, in 1960s, its activities had diminished significantly. The developments in Northern Ireland, in the late 1960s, accelerated the diminishing influence of IRA. Civil rights activists engaged in civil defiance in reaction to discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland. The activists claimed discrimination in housing, employment, and voting by the dominant Protestant administration and population (Shanahan 2009,

Anti-money Laundering Systems in the UK

Anti-money Laundering Systems in the UK Introduction Money laundering is the term used to describe the process that disguises the (usually criminal) source of money.[1] The process of money laundering involves three recognisable stages. The first is the ‘placement’ stage when the proceeds of the crime, often in cash, are ‘placed’ into the financial system, for example, by being depositing in a bank. The second is the ‘layering’ stage whereby the proceeds are moved, usually through a series of transactions perhaps involving different entities, different assets, and different jurisdictions, in order to sever any audit trail and hence make tracing their origins harder. The third stage is ‘integration’ when the criminal resumes control of the proceeds, free from any link to their criminal source. An examination will be made of the statement that forms the subject matter of this essay. As an outline, this essay will contemplate the extent to which the United Kingdoms anti-money laundering regime seeks to address each stage of the process of money laundering. To conclude this essay will briefly reflect on the effectiveness of the UK regime. It must be emphasised that in an essay of this nature, large and complex topics will have to be reduced. The UK regime The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Banks and other financial institutions facilitate the three stages of money laundering and lend an air of respectability to the proceeds when they eventually reappear, therefore the financial and related sectors have always been positioned at the forefront of the drive to combat money laundering. The UK regime – which implements the EU Money Laundering Directives, FATF international standards and UN anti-terrorist financing measures, comprises three main components as far as banks are concerned. First, there is the primary legislation, the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) and the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA) which creates a number of ‘money laundering’ and related offences. The so-called relegated sector[2] is subject to additional offences to encourage its co-operation in reporting suspicious activities and transactions. Part 7 of POCA created three substantive money laundering offences, concealing[3], arrangements[4] and acquisition, use and possession[5]. The three offences are wide in a number of respects. First, the three principal money laundering offences must be related to ‘criminal property’[6] which is very broadly defined as any ‘benefit’[7] from any criminal conduct in any part of the UK or ‘would constitute an offence in a part of the UK if it occurred there[8]. The meaning of criminal property has been the subject of a number of Court of Appeal decisions, most recently R v Akhtar [2011] EWCA Crim 146, a mortgage broker who had allegedly submitted dishonest claims for and on behalf of his co-defendants, was not guilty of entering into or becoming concerned in money laundering arrangements. Clarke LJ submitted that the natural an ordinary meaning of s328(1) is that the arrangement to which it refers must be one which related to property at the time when the arrangement begins to operate on it[9]. Criminal property has the same meaning in respect of all three principal money laundering offences as set out in s340: â€Å"It does not embrace proper ty which the accused intends to acquire by criminal conduct†¦ Property is not criminal property because the wrongdoer intends that it should be†[10] Akhtar followed R v Loizou [2005] EWCA Crim. 1579, where the court ruled that no offence under s327 was made as the property was not criminal at the point of transfer. To say that it extends to property which was originally legitimate but became criminal only as a result of carrying out the arrangement is to â€Å"stretch the language of the Section beyond its proper limits†[11]. [analysis] [add facts of the case and relate to stages of ML) R. v Afolabi == re. s329 mention some of the facts Then conclude with test in Geary on part 7 and then further anaylsis on the extentof the act in stages of ML. Scope http://www.criminallawandjustice.co.uk/clj-reporter/R-v-Geary-2010-EWCA-Crim-1925 Arguments that â€Å"criminal property† definition needs to be revised – Article:A suitable case for treatment: money laundering and knowledge Secondly, Liability arises if alleged money launder knows – see online book discussion between Hudson and Forston page 11 and 12 cases Thirdly, Drafted to cover every conceivable offence cases Mens rea cases Supplementary money laundering offences The ‘failure to report’ offences Tipping off As mentioned above banks and other financial institutions facilitate the three stages of money laundering, as such it is crucial to obtain the co-operation of those institutions who are essential for money laundering to occur at all. Section 330 and 331 of POCA create two new offences of failing to make a ‘required disclosure as soon as practicable’ after suspicion of money laundering is or ought to have been aroused. The term ‘required’ qualifies the disclosure in order to emphasise that the failure to report is a criminal offence. Slaughter and May – unregulated sector The Terrorism Act 2000 and related provisions The Money Laundering Regulations 2007 The Money Laundering Regulations 2007[12] require ‘relevant persons’[13] to operate their business in accordance with specified systems and procedures designed to combat money laundering and the finance of terrorism. The potential criminal liability laid out by the Supplementary money laundering offences discussed above together wit the regulatory requirements under the 2007 Regulations has caused the financial sector to introduce wide-ranging processes and procedures to ensure that its officers and employees fulfil these disclosure[14] obligations and hence that they do not fall foul of the criminal sanctions. The FSA Handbook Problems posed to banks by money laundering control Conclusion I [student number] declare that this piece of work contains # words. Bibliography Articles Shula de Jersey of Russell Jones Walker (2011). â€Å"Wide but not unbounded – the definition of criminal property† Money L.B. 2011, 186, 17-18. Money Laundering Bulletin CL J (2011) â€Å"Knowingly submitting a dishonest claim† C.L. J. 2011, 175(6), 78-79. Criminal Law Justice Weekly Kenneth Murray, (2012) A suitable case for treatment: money laundering and knowledge, Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 15 Iss: 2, pp.188 197 Books Ellinger, E.P and Lomnicka, E and Hare, C.V.M Banking Law (Oxford University Press) The Law relating to financial crime in the United Kingdom / Karen Harrison and Nicholas Ryder Hudson, Law of Finance (first edition, 2009, Sweet Maxwell) Encyclopaedia of Banking Law (available via Lexis Library) Pagets Law of Banking (available via Lexis Library) Legalisation Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Money Laundering Regulations 2007/2157 Other http://www.airant.it/pdf/MLB%20Sept%202011_0.pdf [Accessed 03 March 2014] http://www.criminallawandjustice.co.uk/clj-reporter/R-v-Akhtar-2011-All-ER-D-214-Jan [Accessed 03 March 2014] http://www.criminallawandjustice.co.uk/clj-reporter/R-v-Geary-2010-EWCA-Crim-1925 [Accessed 05 March 2014] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1368-5201volume=15issue=2articleid=17031335show=html [Accessed 05 March 2014] Cases Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa [1900] 1 Ch. 656 [1] Ellinger, E. P. [2011] Modern Banking Law: Oxford University Press. pp92 [2] Including banks, financial entities regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority such as accountants, lawyers, estate agents, traders in high value goods, casino operators. [3] s327 POCA 2002 [4] s328 POCA 2002 [5] s329 POCA 2002 [6] POCA 2002, s.340(3) [7] See provisions extending the meaning of ‘benefit’ in s.340(5)-(8)(including pecuniary advantage’) and those as to ‘property’ (s.340(9)). [8] No restrictions are placed on the ‘predicate offence’, as long as the conduct generating the property is regarded as an offence in any part of the UK, thus it does not need to be an offence in the country in which it is committed. [9] R v Geary [2010] EWCA Crim 1925 [10] Lord Justice Elias in Amir and Akhtar [11] Lord Justice Moore-Bick in R v Geary [12] S.I. 2007/2157 (as amended by S.I. 2007/3299 and S.I. 2009/209, in force on 15 December 2007 and replacing the 2003 Regulations. [13] Reg 3 – Application of the Regulations [14] More usually called ‘reporting’.

Organizational Leadership versus Management Essay -- Leader Manager es

When in a leadership role I don’t like to consider myself as a boss, but a mentor. I don’t want my employees to see me as a boss but as a guide for further learning and success. Today’s managers are not leaders, they are people in charge and nothing more. They don’t necessarily have the skills to lead, don’t get me wrong they may be a very good manager. However, they are only managing and not setting an example as a leader for the employees of an organization. An organization has the greatest chance of being successful when all of the employees work toward achieving its goals. Since leadership involves the exercise of influence by one person over others, the quality of leadership exhibited by supervisors is a critical determinant of organizational success. Supervisors study leadership in order to influence the actions of employees toward the achievement of the goals of the organization. Supervisors can learn about leadership through research. One of the reading assignments said leadership studies can be classified as trait, behavioral, contingency, and transformational. Earliest theories assumed that the primary source of leadership effectiveness lay in the personal traits of the leaders themselves. Yet, traits alone cannot explain leadership effectiveness. Later research focused on what the leader actually did when dealing with employees. These behavioral theories of leadership would explain the relationship between what the leaders did and how the employees reacted, bot...

Compare and contrast Essay

Everyday, stereotype is used in the society. Sometimes, when people use stereotype on other people, they don’t even recognize it because it’s so common and is ignored by the society. It’s a way to judge people through their common believes based on ethnicity, gender, skin color, appearance and language of the people who are being judged. For example, when people see a Vietnamese woman in her 20’s, 30’s and 40’s just migrated to America, they would assume that she will be working in a nail salon and flirt with some rich guys to get married with. Being stereotype is difficult deal with, and it’s really offended and hurtful. â€Å"The Myth of the Latin woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† by Judith Ortiz Cofer and â€Å"Mother Tongue† by Amy Tan share some common and different stereotypes that they had to go through. In the story â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I just met a Girl Named Maria†, Judith Cofer wrote ab out her experiences being stereotyped as a Latin woman. In â€Å"Mother Tongue,† Amy shared her personal experiences being stereotyped with her language’s barrier. Even though the two female authors shared the similarity for being stereotyped by the society, they faced different situations on the way they were stereotyped. In â€Å"The Myth of The Latin Women†, there are numerous stereotypes that Latin women are judged for. Being a Latin woman, Cofer was judged falsely. Clothing in the Latin culture is a means of expression. Cofer explains that woman and girls often wear brightly colored outfits, specifically dresses and skirts. The clothing that Latin women wear also has an influence on how others might see them. Cofer describes that, â€Å"As young girls, it was our mothers who influenced our decisions about clothes and colors,† Unfortunately, the media twisted this tradition, making it translate into â€Å"Hispanic women as the hot tamale or sexual firebrand† (245). Another stereotype that Cofer experienced was that of the level and rate of her maturity. Latin women are often seen in a seductive way. Some people may mistake the way they dress as a sign as someone who is older, more mature, and more experienced than their actual age. â€Å"When a Puerto Rican girl dressed in her idea of what is attractive meets a man from the mainstream culture, †¦a clash is likely to take place,† (246). Cofer lived this and states how when a boy kissed her and she didn’t respond, â€Å"‘I thought you Latin girls were supposed to mature early,’† (246). Cofer speaks of this incident as another example as stereotyping by  the media. This boy was brought up believing that girls who dressed in a certain â€Å"sexy† fashion must be different and more mature. Latin women are also shown in a different light in the media as apposed to white women. You often see Hispanic women in domestic roles, which leads them being catalo ged. Another incident where Cofer was stereotyped took place when she was older. Cofer was at a restaurant where she was doing her first poetry reading. A woman called her over to her table and â€Å"she ordered a cup of coffee from me (Cofer) assuming I was the waitress,† (247). Cofer recognizes that Latin woman are often put into a box that limit them to domestic duties. It is a stereotype that most Latin women have jobs that are more in the service end of domestic duties, i.e. waitresses, laundresses, housekeepers. Cofer used her poetry reading as a way to show all that just because she was Latin did not mean that she was illiterate or uneducated. In this essay, Tan is likely to reach out to immigrant families that went through similar hardships on communication that she and her mother experienced. To many people, language was not seen as a form of communication, but as a barrier that cut them off from the world. This was a common problem for people coming from other countries or who grew up under privileged. In any society something that is common to one person can seem unusual to another. Because of this confusion, stereotypes and prejudice can be formed. Cofer wrote this essay â€Å"The Myth of the Latin woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria,† as a way to expose the ongoing stereotyping Latin woman face. Cofer analyzes her experiences and shares her opinions on why they even happened. Cofer shared how the way Latin women dress is not to be â€Å"sexy† or to attract men. The women dress like that because thats is how there mothers dressed on hot islands. It was common to wear bright colored dress on a tropical island and not heavy clothing to stay cool. It is also a misconception that Latin girls are â€Å"fast† when it comes to their maturity. Because they are seen in an alluring way, some people maybe think they are more sexually mature. Cofer clarifies that this is not the case, Latin girls mature and grow at  the same rate as any other girl. Cofer also told a story of how because of her race a woman assumed she was a waitress in a restaurant. Another way of discrimination to Latin women, that all of them have jobs in the domestic field. Cofer really brings to light how easy it is to judge a person and use a stereotype against them. Cofer shows that if people took the time to talk and understand other cultures then all of these misunderstanding, wouldn’t be turned into stereotyping. Supporting Cofer in her efforts to stop this stereotyping from happening could make a big difference in how everyone will treat each other.

Cultural Event: Pan’s Labyrinth

XI LIU Cultural Event Paper: Pan’s Labyrinth I like watching movies, and I want to learn about different cultures from different countries. So I attended the cultural event of 2012 Foreign Film Series at 7:00 pm in October 9th. I was so excited that the Art History Organization gave us a chance to watch a Spanish film called Pan’s Labyrinth. I had heard of it before, but I had never watched it. This film combined the fantasy world and the real world perfectly. That is to say, it is a film of magic realism.I was attracted by the plot of the film, and I was astonished by the director’s conception and the visual effects even though a few scenes were a little bit disgusting and scary. The background of the story was traced to 1944, five years after the end of the Spanish Civil War. Spain was shrouded under the haze of fascist dictatorship. Those who were communist party members and the democratic persons were hunted down and killed savagely by the army. The plot of t he movie develops with resistance against forces of General Francisco Franco, whose leader was Captain Vidal and who ruled Spain as dictator.The protagonist Ofelia entered a magic world with three challenges that Pan gave to her. The film opened with the sound of a faint melody which was accompanied by the sound of Ofelia’s breathing and the frames of blood streaming from Ofelia’s nose while she was lying on the ground. With the background of white words showing on the screen and the voiceover telling us Ofelia’s status of princess in underground realm, the story started. Ofelia, who was twelve years old, took her pregnant mother to the north to rendezvous with her stepfather Vidal, whose real identity was a fascist officer responsible for repression of the local guerrillas.The purpose of Vidal’s living with Ofelia and her mother was his flesh and blood son to be born, and Vidal’s only pleasure was to study all kinds of ways to torture people who w ere caught. After watching her cold stepfather doing evil for fun, her sick mother and witnessing violence, Ofelia, who was surrounded by loneliness and fear, became addicted to fantasy for consolation. She was led to a deserted mill which was the entrance to the labyrinth by an insect elf, and the labyrinth porter who had long horns with goats and transparent eyes was waiting for her arrival.Pan told Ofelia that she was actually a lost princess from the underground kingdom and she had to accept three challenges and complete the tasks in order to go back to her kingdom. The first task was to save an old tree. Because there was a huge toad living in the root of the tree, the tree was on the edge of death. She had to take out a golden key from the toad’s stomach. The second task was to use the golden key to retrieve a dagger. In that room, there was an evil creature sitting at a table with a feast of beautiful foods which she could not eat.She was within an inch of her life aft er giving in to temptation. At the same time, her stepfather began more offensive activities of killing people above ground. Ofelia’s struggling with nightmares blurred the boundaries of reality and fantasy. The third task was to use her half-blooded brother’s pure blood to open the door of underground. Ofelia refused this requirement due to her virtuous heart. She didn’t realize that her stepfather had followed her, and she got shot by him.The scene was back to the initial scene of Ofelia’s streaming blood from her nose lying on the ground at the start of the movie. The ending of the movie can be interpreted in two ways. If it was real, she rejoined the kingdom using her own pure blood and opening the door of entrance. If not, then she ended the movie happy and certain that she was going to a better place, with the dictator powerless to stop her. Pan’s labyrinth is a movie based in a real historical background. It is clear to show us the antiwar a ttitudes with the development of the two main plots.However, it combines the cruel reality and the beautiful fantasy world perfectly to indicate the damages and hurt of the Second World War from the angle of a girl’s point of view. The role of Ofelia represents the whole group of children who were the victims who suffered most at that time. They were eager to live in a world of fairy tale. However, the war destroyed their real dream, leaving despair, hate and agony. One of the director’s obvious artistic characteristics is that he did well in applying contrasts to achieve great artistic effects.He uses the nice fairy tale to contrast the cruel reality and the darkness of humanity. The scene at the end of the movie, which was the same as the beginning, gives me a deep impression of an innocence girl. Thus it clarifies the abhorrence to the war and spiritual sustenance of longing for beauty. The question at issue that Pan’s labyrinth brings to us is whether fantas ies can rescue us from fascism. Around this theme, the director set out two main lines of the plot; one is the reality and the other is the girl’s fantasy world. Three challenges that the girl aced with and the atrocities of Captain Vidal which center on the question at issue reveal that fantasies cannot rescue us from fascism finally. In terms of importance, relevance and sufficiency, a very famous writer Justin Zhang for Slant Magazine stated that this film used a large number of symbolisms of blood to unveiled Pan’s labyrinth god’s mysterious veil (Zhang 24). This movie provides us sufficient and detailed content to reflect the inhumanity of Captain Vidal and the innocence of the little girl. The military executed justice with brutality, violence, cruelty, and no respect for civil rights.The examples of Vidal executing the man that was telling the truth about hunting rabbits, the doctor without any trial, and shooting Ofelia for no real crime, in addition to the brutal interrogation methods, embodies the inhumanity of Vidal. When Ofelia’s mother was in dystocia, he chose to save his baby son’s life but not his wife. These examples are important and relevant to reflect the character of Vidal. The example of Ofelia’s giving up using her half-blooded brother’s pure blood to open the door to the underground kingdom indicates her essence of innocence.All these examples of Vidal and Ofelia are important and relevant to the question at issue and the purpose. Pan’s labyrinth is a movie with deep understanding and implications. At first, it conveys a meaningful anti-war topic. The three tasks that Pan gave to Ofelia were to see if she dared to question when she realized that she was wrong. Eating grapes without resisting temptation in the second task and her refusal of handing over her brother indicates that she was an innocent girl with a rebellious spirit. All the settings of the roles and scenes have their u nique meaning.For instance, the scene of Vidal having his mouth cut open by Mercedes is derived from a tradition of Chelsea Smile. British people will cut the traitors’ or the enemies’ mouth as the shape of smile for punishment. The painting of Saturn Devouring One of his Children which was drawn by Spanish painter Goya, hung on the wall in the room where Ofelia finished her second task, is derived from a legend of Greek Mythology. It’s a painting with dark humor to interpret anti-war means. The design of the name of the leading role Ofelia is from Hamlet, written by Shakespeare. This may imply the tragic destiny of the little girl.In short, it is a film that has deep meaning regarding anti-war believing, rebellious spirit and challenges. Not only does it set out an issue that is worth thinking, but it also eulogizes justice and bravery. All these symbolism and settings reflect on its depth and make it a perfect film. However, Pan’s labyrinth does not exi st. It was made up by the director, but it is based on a real background. It is precise in describing all the characters of the roles in detail. And, also, it describes the violent scene more directly, such as the face with bloody pile of flesh and the scene of Vidal’s sewing his own mouth which was cut open.It has a visual power to make us know the cruelty of the reality. The scenes switch with accuracy and precision so that we do not feel the movie boring and long. It arranges all three challenges which interlace with Captain Vidal’s atrocities within two hours. So, I think that the movie is a success in its precision of characterization and mysterious scenes. In all, I like this movie. It gives me both visual impact and strong emotional shock. It’s a fantasy story based on the real history. The fantasy world gives me an illusion of beauty, but the cruel reality makes me sober enough to rethink profoundly and see the history clearly.This movie arouses peopleâ €™s thinking about whether fantasies can rescue us from fascism. The director used the deep symbolism and settings to make the film more thoughtful and have anti-war meaning in depth. The film also gives me a chance to do some research on the background and analyze the implications that the director made. I wish I could watch more movies like this in the future. Work Cited Zhang, Justin. â€Å"The Esoteric Interpretation of â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth†. †Ã‚  Slant Magzine. 06 2006: 24. print

The Revolutionary Trend essays

The Revolutionary Trend essays In every revolution, there seems to be a few guidelines that it must follow. It seems that almost all revolutions, in their radical phases, tend to have the characteristics of excessive cruelty, extreme violence, and denials of the rights of freedom. But the question that befuddles many is why they always become this way. And as the facts are laid out in front of you, the reasons just seem to pop out at you. In every revolution known from history has done some of the same things. In every revolution, there is a point in time where a new form of governing decides to try out a new way of doing something. Whether it be the church being changed to Catholicism, or a new way to rule the country, there are always the people who do not believe that this is the best way to run the government. And with this people many revolts and riots may occur. These cause the people in the country to join in, causing chaos and possibly a civil war. As well as the radical changes being done to the government, there are usually immense changes to the rights of the citizens. As with the French Revolution, all people were referred to as Citizen. Louis the XVI became known as Citizen Capet. Theses new rights that the citizens received or were taken away from caused many uproars. Women in every revolution have tried to advance their rights. This was in hope of gaining true equality with males. Even in modern day, these traits still follow. ...

Oscar Micheaux essays

Oscar Micheaux essays In the years of race cinema, there was only one black man with the determination to write, produce, direct, finance and distribute his own films. That man was Oscar Micheaux. Micheaux was the first black to direct a silent feature, and the first to direct a talkie feature. In so many ways, Micheaux was the D.W. Griffith of race cinema. Many of Micheauxs films exhibited aesthetic techniques originally used by D.W. Griffith, particularly in Griffiths racial movie The Birth of A Nation (1915). On the other hand, many of Micheauxs films also show improvements on Griffiths techniques and responses to his racially driven movie. Even though Oscar Micheaux was the first of his kind, he did not create a new movie sub-genre; but was able to show the power of the black movie maker by being the first black to make films that were aesthetically competitive with white filmmakers, and by making films that contradicted films such as Birth of a Nation by showing the power of black filmmakers in r esponding to mainstream cinema. Existing not only as an artist in the film industry, Griffith was a business man as well. Known for spending unusually large amounts of money on films such as Birth of a Nation (1915) and Hearts of the World (1918) and then realizes that, while the returns from such a subject are slowly accruing, he must turn out a few pot-boilers to keep the wolf from the door. (Milne 79) Therefore, Griffith produced many smaller scale productions films such as The Great Love (1918) and The Girl Who Stayed at Home (1919). Similarly, having to produce his own films through his own production company, Micheaux was also very much a business man. As stated, raising funds knocking on doors, Micheax also produced smaller films such as The Gunsaulus Mystery (1921) and The Hypocrite (1922) to pay the bills while he worked on his larger scale productions (even though they were shoe-string budgets). ...

A Refreshing Analysis of T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

A Refreshing Analysis of T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† To say that The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a typical romantic ode to the wonders of love, as the title may suggest, is quite far from the truth. To the contrary, this poem enters the straggling mind of J. Alfred Prufrock, a man plagued with irresolution, and because of this irresolution will probably never realistically be in love with a woman. Love Song is a dive into Prufrocks inconsistent thought processes, and the foggy workings of his less-than-optimistic mind. Through bleak imagery, a wavering tone that feels timeless, and carefully connoted diction, T.S. Eliot portrays J. Alfred Prufrock as an uneasy, indecisive, and ultimately scared man. The first few lines of the poem set the scene as to what kind of content Prufrock has to offer. He uses a simile in comparing the evening, spread out against the sky, to a patient etherized upon a table (2-3). Its a fairly unappealing comparison, and it puts an awkward image in the readers mind from the beginning. He goes on to set the scene of a kind of tour through a city-like atmosphere: Let us go, through certain half-deserted streetsof restless nights in one-night cheap hotels and sawdust restaurants (4-7). Again, a bleak image is cast into the mind of the reader, reminiscent of a twisted Gotham City where no one would want to be unless accompanied by someone very dear a someone who Prufrock is not with. He goes on to make another type of etherized comparison later on, which adds to the bleak, uneasy feeling: And I have known the eyes already, known them all- The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase, And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, Then how should I begin To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways? And how should I presume? This stanza dives into Prufrocks uneasy nature through the use of carefully connoted diction (e.g., pin) that conveys imagery of a bug or animal ready to be dissected. He is describing what happens when he runs into people he may know: they fix [him] in a formulated phrase, and then pin him down, and when he is pinned and wriggling on the wall, he is then forced to interact with them and make a decision about how to go about saying how his day went. To almost everyone else in the world, this type of interaction is a daily occurrence of life, and usually isnt conveyed as a feeling of being pinned down. However, Prufrocks uneasy nature is very similar to that of The Catcher in the Ryes Holden Caulfield, in the fact that he really isnt one for lighthearted social interaction. Instead, every little detail of life, in Prufrocks eyes, is not considered an idle task, but a high-strung, uneasy chain of decisions. Throughout the poem, Prufrock seems to jog around in his mind, and is quite abstract with his thoughts. The result is a wavering, fragmented tone that further suggests Prufrocks indecisiveness and digressive habits. One of the subtle ways that Eliot adds to this wavering tone is the fact that no definite rhyme scheme is used throughout Love Song. For example, one stanza includes mostly rhyming words, ending lines with words such as dare, stair, and hair, and then thin, chin, and pin. But the next couple of lines in the stanza may have no rhyme pattern at all, and the same goes for the next stanza; its totally fragmented. This wavering rhyme scheme cleverly adds to the notion of an indecisive Prufrock. Besides the wavering rhyme scheme, the overall tone suggests that Prufrock is very uneasy and indecisive. Prufrock really does continually ask questions, always questioning things. This may seem normal, but considering the subject matter and the uneasy feeling connoted with them, this mode of thought does not come off as entirely healthy. There are close to 20 stanzas in Love Song, and in almost all of them, Prufrock is questioning something. Whether the subject matter consists of whether he should disturb the universe or not, or how he should deal with people who ask him how his day is, he is constantly questioning everything. He almost mockingly asserts his indecisive manners by saying Do I dare disturb the universe? In a minute there is time for decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse (45-48). Essentially, he is declaring that he can make a decision now, with only a minute left, but since in one minute there will be no time anyway, hes leaving it at that. This feeling of time passing too rapidly is present throughout the poem. More than a couple of times he says, And indeed there will be time, or a variation of this line, which not only adds to his irresolute manner, but also reiterates the fact that he often trails off and picks up another topic on a whim again, recalling Holden Caulfields digressive tendencies. Prufrock even directly refers to this tendency when he analyzes a womans arm in the lamplight; he says, It is perfume from a dress that makes me so digress? (65-66). He mentions, too, his awareness of the passage of time and of the fact that he is growing old by confirming that he is becoming slightly bald. Ultimately, this realization of mortality makes him afraid: And in short, I was afraid (86). Towards the end of the poem, the tone of Love Song seems to waver more and more, and Prufrock becomes even more of a shaky, uneasy, scared figure. Starting from line 120, he begins to trail off: I grow oldI grow old, filling the readers mind with an image of a man who sits silently, the world passing him by while he ponders questions without answers. The final stanza, solidifies the elusive nature of Prufrocks thoughts: We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown. Through Eliots use of bleak imagery, a wavering tone, and carefully connoted diction, Prufrock is portrayed as a highly uneasy, indecisive, and scared man. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is not a true love song, but instead a plunge into the shades-of-grey world of J. Alfred Prufrock, and ultimately the grave flaws of a fragmented mind.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Music - Essay Example Mozart’s ability to deviate from this provided the listener a welcome sense of surprise and emotions of the unexpected when listening to his works. All of these factors helped to add to the new and fresh flavor that Mozart’s music brought to his contemporary audience. Likewise, in keeping with his ability to bend and/or break the rules of music, Mozart combined many different styles of music into his pieces, drawing from the breadth and range of contemporary and historical works to augment his ideas. Sonatas generally begin with an introduction. This is shortly followed by an exposition that explores a series of themes. Following this is the development of harmony and texture of the exposition. After a sometimes lengthy development, the piece refers back to a recapitulation of the original exposition. Afterwards the sonata is oftentimes concluded by a coda. Beethoven’s third piano concerto is interesting in the fact that it also broke many of the musical norms that existed at his time. What is of special interest about this piece in particular is the range and modality of the minor keys that are exhibited therein. For instance, the first movement of the piece begins in c minor, the second movement progresses to E major, and the third is in Eb major. What is unique about this is the fact that it is yet another example of how Beethoven broke the â€Å"rules† of composition and music as they existed in the 18th century. Instead of adhering to the rigid structure that defined the concerto, Mozart was able to break out from this and develop upon ideas that had not been previously explored. Although to us, his music is nothing new, to the audiences of that time, the piece was pushing the boundaries of convention. Likewise, as a direct result of his practices, Beethoven helped to shift the dynamic of how music was played and composed by his contemporaries as

Digital Chocolate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Digital Chocolate - Assignment Example The cultural diversity, commitment, as well as the prowess depicted by its workforce, has significantly enhanced its growth (Harris and Hartman 51). In as much as the company has witnessed a remarkable growth in its revenue, it has also encountered several challenges, which have disrupted its endeavor to lead in the phone gaming world. Additionally, this script highlights some of the Organizational Behavior (OB) theories, exploited by the company in attaining its success. As the company performs its activities, the literature has it that it has faced hordes of challenges, some of which have resulted to filling of a court case. For instance, there was an epoch when the company felt threatened by the fact that Zynga, a growing mobile gaming company was threatening it. Digital chocolate complained about the usage of their trademark by Zynga. The company claimed its entitlement to the usage of the Mafia wars, while conducting business. However, by the moment of filling the complaint, Zynga had already made paramount revenues through its usage; therefore, the challenge. Sources have it that it incurred innumerable expenses during the process of filing the complaint. In addition to the above, research shows that in the recent past, the social games industry has recorded losses, and only a fraction of such industries noted a significant growth in their revenues. The key reason for the above is the poor marketing styles employed by the majority of them. The issue of virility, as well as the incorporation of a multicultural workforce, has also impeded the anticipated growth. One of the theories highly utilized by this company is the classical organization theory. As depicted in the management of the Digital Chocolate, the above-mentioned theory enforces the reduction of diversity in an organization (Harris and Hartman 52). The management panel of the Digital Chocolate has ensured effective utilization of the above theory. The workforce only engages in

Treatment-Based Drug Courts Significantly Reduce Criminal Recidivism Annotated Bibliography

Treatment-Based Drug Courts Significantly Reduce Criminal Recidivism Rates - Annotated Bibliography Example These programs are developed with an aim of reducing crimes that are usually committed because of drug abuse (MacKenzie 2008). Within the programs, people are offered training based on their skills with the aim of making the sign in the community. Through the education offered in these programs, people change their habits and develop positive thinking (MacKenzie 2008). Individuals who undergo proper training in the programs are not likely to get involved in criminal activities. While those who do not get training end up going back to prison because of committing crimes (Vacca, 2004). Despite the development of these programs in most societies, there is limited research conducted on the effectiveness of the program (Vacca, 2004). It is typically very problematic to determine the effectiveness of these programs because of different judicial procedures used in most of the programs (Vacca, 2004). It also very difficult to determine the factors that affect the programs within the rehabilitation centers (Vacca, 2004). This study will, therefore, test the hypothesis Treatment-based drug courts significantly reduce criminal recidivism rates. Participants in this program most of the time are given counseling services and educational training services that help them change (MacKenzie 2008). The researcher will use a meta-analysis of several studies collected that combines the importance of an association between the study variables (Vacca, 2004). This method is the most suitable because they can be used to describe the efforts made by the respondents under investigation.

Jim Crows Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jim Crows Laws - Research Paper Example hat the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as unconstitutional and that although the Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from discriminating against races, private individuals and organizations were not prevented from doing so.8 The Supreme Court ruling provided a booster for discrimination against blacks to develop, worsen, and persist. Thus, by 1914, every southern state passed laws segregating blacks and whites: blacks and whites could not ride in the same transport, be together, and blacks were denied access to washrooms, parks, beaches, picnic areas, certain hospitals, and the like. Blacks and whites were segregated based on which drinking fountains they can use.9 In the words of Sandoval–Strauz, for more than a century, public accommodations were at the epicenter of legal and political struggles for racial equality.10 Primarily, the years 1890 to the 1960s are widely considered as the Jim Crow era.11 However, several authors argue that Jim Crow legislations have remained and not repealed in the 21st century even as there is no longer a Jim Crow system in the United States. For example, the Jim Crow Study Group of the University of Arizona revealed in 2004 that there are several Jim Crow laws remaining in the Codes of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.12 Researchers agree that the Jim Crow system promoted the notion of white supremacy, economic exploitation, electoral disfranchisement, and violence.13 In 1959, Stetson Kennedy published a book with the title, Jim Crow Guide to the U.S.A.: The Laws, Customs, and Etiquette Governing the Conduct of Nonwhites and Other Minorities as Second-class citizens.14 J. Hernandez documented some of the Jim Crow etiquette15: 1. Black males cannot offer their hand to a white female because that would imply social equality. 2. Blacks and whites cannot eat together but if they have to eat together, the whites are to be served first and there must be a wide space betw een blacks and whites. 3. Under no event must a black male offer to light the cigarette of a white female. 4. Blacks were not allowed to publicly express affection with one another because that is offensive to whites. 5. Blacks were introduced to whites but never whites to blacks. 6. Whites need not use courtesy titles of respect such as Mr., Mrs., Sir, and Ma’am when referring to blacks but blacks are required to do so. Blacks can be called by their first names but blacks are not allowed to refer to whites by their first names. 7. If a black person has to ride a car driven by a white person, the black person must be at the back seat or at the back of a truck 8. White motorists have the right-of-way in all intersections. Further, according to J. Hernandez, Stetson Kennedy prescribed the following etiquette for

Do Counsellors Perceive There Counselling Training Equips Them to Deal Essay

Do Counsellors Perceive There Counselling Training Equips Them to Deal with Violent and Aggressive Clients - Essay Example During this time, I was thinking of a physical and emotional exit for myself and that surely wrought negative effects on my performance and efficiency as a counsellor. This particular incident made me feel very susceptible at this point and realized my lack of defences. It also needs to be realized that counsellors are not equipped, in most situations, to effectively handle these kinds of clients and unpleasant situations that could arise when dealing them. I am very fortunate and lucky in this regard to be blessed with the proper kind of training that effectively deal with hostile situations and clients, I was interested in finding out how other counsellors, most of whom are unequipped, deal with such situations and their problems and expectations. Another reason for working on this topic is the lack of previous research and literature on this particular that further translates into problems for counsellors. The objective of drawing up this report was to gather the observations and impressions of other counsellors about the physical harassment they face at the hands of violent clients and how do they feel and manage or handle such hostile situations. ... and off-the-job training by their organizations to deal with this kind of condition and was such training provided to them when they were training to become qualified counsellors and therapists. Also, if such a situation arises, does it affect their performance as an effective counsellor What kind of effects such clients have on their ability to successfully counsel and console them Does such a situation restrict them [the counsellors] from efficiently challenging a client if the situation demands them to do so I also had to collect their views regarding the fact that do they think proper training during the course of their studies and later, during their professional lives would have helped them to control such hostile clients and circumstances with positive effects. Brief Review of Relevant Literature (Key References or Proposed Searches) As there has been little research conducted on this particular topic in the past, there is a serious and disappointing lack of literature available on this exact topic. However, there are a few books, journal articles, magazine articles and other types of research material accessible on this topic. These include: 1. McMahon, G. (1994) Setting up your own private practice in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Cambridge: National Extension College Ltd 2. HUDSON-ALLEZ, G. The prevalence of stalking of psychological therapists (2002) working in primary care by current or former clients. 3. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. Health & safety Health and Safety. Executive (2004) 4.McLEAN, S. & the contribution of therapist beliefs to Psychological WADE, T. (2003) Distress in Therapist. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 5. SUTTON, J & STEWART, W. (2000) Learning to Counsel Oxford: How To Books 6.WHEELER, S. (1996) Training

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Management - Essay Example Examples of liabilities include debts repayable, deferred revenue and current-year loan and note payments (Sveiby, 2007). Liabilities = Assets – Capital Shareholders’ funds Shareholders’ funds are a gauge of the shareholders' entire interest in the business represented by the sum of share capital and reserves (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2002). Shareholders' funds are the balance sheet value of the shareholders' interest in a company. Capital = Assets – Liabilities In order for a business to be economically health, the company’s total assets should be more than its total liabilities. Current assets such as cash, receivables, and securities should be able to cover liabilities. If a company‘s assets significantly exceed its current liabilities, the company may not be putting its wealth to the most excellent use. Definition of intellectual property and forms of legal protection available to intellectual property. Intellectual property laws are laws set by countries with inventive home based industries to promote innovation by regulating the replication of inventions, identifying symbols, and creative expressions (Draft, 2002). These laws include patent rights; trademarks; copyrights and trade secrets. Patent rights protect inventions or patent (Management notes). Patent rights guarantee the originator, a unique right to avoid others from creating, using, and selling the inventor’s patented contraption for a predetermined span of time especially 20 years in return for the confession of the invention’s information to the civic under the stipulations of the social contract. Another form of intellectual property is copyrights; the right of owning written work like a book, document, a patch of code or software application (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2002). This property is protected by a set of rights granted by the law of jurisdiction to the author of the original work and according to the World Intellectual Property organizat ion rights protected by copyright include; the owner’s right to permit or prohibit, duplicate, allotment, public presentation, transformation, broadcasting, and version (Draft, 2002). More over, trademark is a word, symbol, device, or name used to designate the foundation of the goods and to differentiate them from other goods in the market (Management notes). Trademarks are exclusive to exact brand, product, or individual and consequently need to be secluded in the concern of preserving a product’s identity (Patents and data protection). In other words, trademarks refer to a distinctive indicator used by either individuals or organizations to identify itself to customers or consumers (Patents and data protection). Essentially, it enables the indication, that, the products or services originate from exceptional entity and designated for a particular market. In case of any infringement on the trademark, the owner may initiate legal proceedings to prevent unauthorized us e of the trademark. Advantages of a Gantt chart It helps in the planning of a project. One can see at a glance the project tasks and time schedules (Clark, 2002). A Gantt chart is suitable for small projects that fit on a single sheet. Gantt chart exhibits dependencies amid tasks using focussed

Do Counsellors Perceive There Counselling Training Equips Them to Deal Essay

Do Counsellors Perceive There Counselling Training Equips Them to Deal with Violent and Aggressive Clients - Essay Example During this time, I was thinking of a physical and emotional exit for myself and that surely wrought negative effects on my performance and efficiency as a counsellor. This particular incident made me feel very susceptible at this point and realized my lack of defences. It also needs to be realized that counsellors are not equipped, in most situations, to effectively handle these kinds of clients and unpleasant situations that could arise when dealing them. I am very fortunate and lucky in this regard to be blessed with the proper kind of training that effectively deal with hostile situations and clients, I was interested in finding out how other counsellors, most of whom are unequipped, deal with such situations and their problems and expectations. Another reason for working on this topic is the lack of previous research and literature on this particular that further translates into problems for counsellors. The objective of drawing up this report was to gather the observations and impressions of other counsellors about the physical harassment they face at the hands of violent clients and how do they feel and manage or handle such hostile situations. ... and off-the-job training by their organizations to deal with this kind of condition and was such training provided to them when they were training to become qualified counsellors and therapists. Also, if such a situation arises, does it affect their performance as an effective counsellor What kind of effects such clients have on their ability to successfully counsel and console them Does such a situation restrict them [the counsellors] from efficiently challenging a client if the situation demands them to do so I also had to collect their views regarding the fact that do they think proper training during the course of their studies and later, during their professional lives would have helped them to control such hostile clients and circumstances with positive effects. Brief Review of Relevant Literature (Key References or Proposed Searches) As there has been little research conducted on this particular topic in the past, there is a serious and disappointing lack of literature available on this exact topic. However, there are a few books, journal articles, magazine articles and other types of research material accessible on this topic. These include: 1. McMahon, G. (1994) Setting up your own private practice in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Cambridge: National Extension College Ltd 2. HUDSON-ALLEZ, G. The prevalence of stalking of psychological therapists (2002) working in primary care by current or former clients. 3. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. Health & safety Health and Safety. Executive (2004) 4.McLEAN, S. & the contribution of therapist beliefs to Psychological WADE, T. (2003) Distress in Therapist. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 5. SUTTON, J & STEWART, W. (2000) Learning to Counsel Oxford: How To Books 6.WHEELER, S. (1996) Training

Case Legal Brief Essay Example for Free

Case Legal Brief Essay Facts: At a teaching hospital, Mullins who is the plaintiff marked or ticked the section of approval form that consented to â€Å"the presence of healthcare learners†. She was assured by the attending Anaesthesiologist that she would handle the anaesthesia. However, when Mullins was unconscious during the surgery, a student (VanHoey) was allowed by the Anaesthesiologist to perform intubation. Mullins’ oesophagus was lacerated by VanHoey as it was VanHoey’s first day practicing on a live patient. The gynaecologist, the anaesthesiologist, VanHoey and the doctors’ were sued by Mullins for battery and other claims. A summary judgment was granted for the defendants by the trial court on all counts. The Court of Appeals supported the Mullin’s claim, whereas the Indiana Supreme Court reversed, saying that the claim was not actionable. Brief Fact Summary: VanHoey, a medical student lacerated the Oesophagus of Mullins during a surgery while performing intubation. Student involvement was not approved by Mullins in her surgery. Battery and lost claim were filed by Mullins. Issue: In addition to the intent to make contact or touch, whether the intent to cause harm is required for the tort of battery claim. Holding: Yes. Mullins could not prove that Vanhoey â€Å"acted intending to cause† harm, though VanHoey â€Å"touched Mullins in a harmful and offensive manner without permission†. VanHoey believed that she had the permission to perform intubation and was relying on her doctor’s authority. The court could not find an materialistic facts that could prove VanHoey wrong. Therefore VanHoey was entitled for the summary judgment. Rule: Battery requires a harmful or offensive touching, without consent, with the intent to cause the resulting harm or offense. Discussion: The opinion in this case proves that the actor’s intent to make contact or touch is not sufficient to claim for battery or lost. The intend to cause harm that results from touch by the actor should be proved.

Strategic Marketing at Coca Cola

Strategic Marketing at Coca Cola 1.0 Introduction Background: Coca Cola Company is one of the leading manufacturers of sort drink in the whole World. Coca Cola was launched in May 1986 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta Georgia. The name Coca Cola was suggested by Dr. Pembertons bookkeeper, frank Robinson. He reserved the name Coca Cola in the flowing script that is well-known today. The Coca Cola is most important manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, company in the World, which are used to produce nearly 500 beverage brands that make up for its wide portfolio. The market which I shall be investigating is the soft drink market in the UK, although I think its important that I consider the whole market including soft drinks and energy drinks. This is because soft drinks and Energy drinks are competing with other alcoholic mixer, (2008). This report will focus on a product part of this market and I have chosen the market leader for stimulant drinks, Coca Cola. I shall be examining marketing planning process, and its activities and justifications. Also, marketing environment is included, Internal audit, External audit, macro environment, and looking at the product with PESTLE, SWOT Analysis (Internal strengths and weaknesses). Furthermore, It Includes Porters five forces and Ansoffs Matrix, BCG Matrix and other tools and techniques. At the end, I have given three marketing options and recommended approach after these bibliography. 2.0 Strategic Marketing Planning Process: Strategic marketing is a process in which to develop a strategy to cope with competitors, identify market opportunities, develop and commercialize new products and services, allocate resources among marketing activities and design an appropriate organisational structure to ensure the performance desired is achieved. Corporate strategy is a process in which approach to future that involves examination of the current and anticipated factors associated with customers and competitors and the firm itself, aligning policies, practices, and resources to realize that vision, (2010). Planning and plans are two very different concepts. Planning refers to the process of developing a coherent plan, while the plan is the output from the process. A successful marketing campaign must incorporate strategic marketing planning. Strategic marketing planning is the process of researching a market and its environment to determine the target market. It involves determining what the target market wants and the types of messages that resonate with that audience. Marketing is one of the key elements in addition to other functions without which the company cannot get success. Therefore, marketing planning is a set of document in which details of action is given to achieve the objects set by the management for a period of one or up to five year. It could be based on selling of any kind of product. Its very important to have a very aggressive plan if you are not an introducer of new product and still you want to grab the market, (2010). 2.1 Marketing Planning Benefits: Marketing plan comes through a long process, it starts from a single department and ends up to management decision, plan must be always like easy to understand for management to approved it and realize the facts of market strategies for what they want from customer. Coca Cola always makes a attractive marketing plan which always looks different from others, for now this marketing plan which is very supportive for the organisation is just because it meets the need of customer in a very smart way like they introduced a new Cherry Coke flavour which is they want to be market the product by new style which a customer attract and also get some benefited for an organisation. If the plan is according to organisation and customer then it is easy to take decision for management. Plan should be compressed and productive for organization. Plan should be not so long time process and not to be very costly. Plan should be as per new techniques and 3D type as per new generation like Plan should be process after research Plan should be shows new market prices, long life and skill full. If the plan is according to companies favour so there is no any chance that it could be rejected. Always approach will be positive to make the plan competitive and advance. Coca Cola always looks in those matter which are highly skilled, attractive and sincere with the organisation, to gain the agreement for strategic plan for organization is a very important role for marketing department to extent their plans which are still are in favour of organisation and as before management like the approach to get always new marketing styles, the best approach for management is that to produced their best efforts to capture the market because now a days there are so many competitors in the market if they lack in the advertisement or promotion or introducing in new products then it could be easy for other competitors to overcome, (2010). Marketing Planning Process: There are ten stages of the Strategic Marketing Planning Process which are given bellow in tables. Table 1: The Marketing Planning Process Stages Description Stage 1 Mission Statement At this stage the board establish a long-term vision for the company. This entails communicating a memorable statement easily understood by employees and other key stakeholders. Stage 2 Corporate Objectives At Corporate Objectives the organisation setup the desired level of profitability, business boundaries, such as products/markets, facilities and size of labour force and other corporate objectives, such as social responsibility, corporate image, stock market image, employer image, etc. Stage 3 Marketing Audit Marketing Audit is a structured review of your current marketing activities. It is a systematic review of all the external and internal factors that have affected a companys commercial performance over a defined period. Stage 4 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organisation and its environment. It is the first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors. Stage 5 Assumptions At this stage assumptions are made on the basis of marketing audit and swot analysis. Marketing manager must keep in mind it should not too broad. Stage 6 Marketing Objectives and Strategies In this stage the objectives and strategies relate to the companies products/services and brands and to the markets you currently/ propose to operate in. Objectives are about deciding what you are offering (selling) and to whom. Strategies are about how you are going to achieve these things. Stage 7 Estimate Expected Results At this stage to employ judgement, analogous experience, field tests and so on. Also, to test out the feasibility of the objectives and strategies in terms of market share, costs, profits and so on. Stage 8 Identify Alternative Plans and Mixes In a strategic marketing plan, It is normally at this stage board identifies alternative plans and mixes are considered. Stage 9 Budget The budget is the process of documenting the expected costs of the proposed marketing plan. To justify all marketing expenditures from a zero base each year against the task that you wish to accomplish. In reality budgets are often incremental, that is, they are based on what was spent in the previous year. Stage 10 First Year Detailed Implementation Programme This may involve spending money on advertising, launching new products, interacting with potential new customers, opening new retail outlets etc. Its major function is to determine where the company is, where its wanted to go and how it can get there. It should be used as an aid to effective management, (McDonald 2006, p. 379-393). I have described all activities and justification in the Marketing Planning Process which are given bellow in table. Table 2: Activities and Justification in the Marketing Planning Process: Stage Activities Justification Stage 1 Mission Statement Board meetings Objectives discussion Target of the company Motivate employees and customers Lack of motivation and output It gives the direction to the company Stage 2 Corporate Objectives Financial forecast Provide long-term stability Profitability of the products Predict financial forecasting Overall company operations It gives review policies and desired level of profitability Stage 3 Marketing Audit Marketing environment objectives Perform STEEPLE Analysis Competition and Market share Competitive advantages Examine internal and external information and procedures Life cycles for major products and for market segments Policies and competitive advantages of other organisation Stage 4 SWOT Analysis Trend in the market Knowledge of the business Value added by competitors Setting objectives and strategies Data Collection Focusing internal and external key factors such as, internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. A summary of reasons for good and bad performance Stage 5 Assumptions Government policies Economic data Major competitors Price competition It is made on planning environment Pick the right market and sell the right products It emphasises on success factors Stage 6 Marketing Objectives and Strategies Sales promotion objectives Marketing objectives Pricing objectives Advertising objectives Social responsibility Marketing objectives and Strategies are made on marketing plan Advertising, pricing and promotion service levels Highlight sales value, sales volume, percentage penetration of outlets Stage 7 Estimate Expected Results Employ judgment Analogous experience Field test Gap analysis on actual and desired results To test out the viability of market share At this level managers set the expected results Stage 8 Identify Alternative Plans and Mixes Motivate alternative strategies Promote mixes Manage the business Choose the best tactics Understand what market works and what doesnt work From alternative plans managers select best suitable plan Stage 9 Budget Advertising cost and expensive Zero base Emphasis on yearly marketing budget Spend their budget more efficiently and effectively Get smart about market every year they are in business Budget prepare by board of director and marketing managers. Stage 10 First Year Detailed Implementation Programme Customer plans Sales promotion plans Goals are divided into sub goals. Market plans (McDonald 2006, p. 379-393) Target their primary customer Focus on achieving specific objectives In sub goals include pricing plans product plans, promotional plans and market plans with objectives The External Market Audit and External Environment (Macro) Analysis: In this section of the report, I have used some data, of tools and techniques that are relevant to Coca Colas current situation relevant examples. External environment is important to marketing decision making. Initially, I have shown data on market share and growth of UKs soft drink markets. 3.1 External Audit: For scanning external audit and external (macro) environment of Coca Cola I have used Porters five forces. In this part of report to scanning soft drink position in the UKs soft drink market two tables are given. Table 1: Market share in UK soft drink market in 2010 Name of Brand % of market share Coca Cola 44 Pepsi 23 Cadbury 16 Fruit Juice 9.4 Other Drinks 8 From the above table of UK soft drink market share in 2010, it is clear that Coca Cola is the market leader among competitors. Coca Cola hold 44% of soft drink market share whereas Pepsi is in the second position by holding only 23% (2010). Table 2: market growth in UK soft drink market between 2009 to 2010: Name of Brand 2009 (% of market share) 2010 (% of market share) % of growth Coca Cola 43 44 1 Pepsi 24 23 -1 Cadbury 15 16 1 Fruit Juice 9 9.4 0.04 Other Drinks 9 8 -1 From the above table we can see Coca Cola and Cadbury have the most significant growth rate by 1% in the last year and Pepsi and other drinks lose their share by -1%. Fruit Juice has only 0.04% growth in last year. For analysing external market in this part, I have given Porters (1985) five forces model which is given below: Barriers to Entry: It involves; Importance of economy of scale, for example, a new Coca Cola drinks. Challenging with established brands, for example, Coca Cola, Diet Coke. High upfront capital costs or legal requirements, for example, intellectual property protection, factories etc. UKs soft drink market is established by some well known brands, such as, Pepsi, Cadbury, Fruit juice etc. It is very difficult to enter in this market by other competitors. Coca Cola has a long history of heavy advertising and this has made it enormous amount of brand equity and loyal customers entire over the world. Substitutes: It contains; Large numbers of substitutes, for example, coffee, beer, juices, water etc are available in the market for customers but it is countered by brand equity, huge advertising, and making their product easily available for customers. Coca Cola expand its business in the UK by offering substitutes it selves to protect Coca Cola from competition. Its products and services can be easily substituted with another type of product and service such as public transport being used instead of private transport. Buyer Power: It consists of; Large amount of buyers, for example, Wal-Mart or Tesco. Undifferentiated brands and low switching costs. As there are many soft drinks in the UK, so the bargaining power of buyer is extremely very high. Buyers ability to walk away or get an alternative, if buyer does not satisfied with our products or services he can get an alternative products or services. Supplier Power: It includes; Supplier does not depend on one or a small amount of buyers. Supplier product is necessary to buyer. In the UK, soft drinks bargaining power of supplier is low, as the market size is large so suppliers always want to keep contracts by providing low price. A large number of buyers but a small number of suppliers. Most of the times raw materials needed to create concentrate are basic commodities, for example, colour, flavour, additives, sugar etc. Basically, these are the main commodities. Existing Competitors: It computes the degree of competition between existing competitors. Rivalry will be higher if; In the UK, there are a huge amount of similar sized companies, for example, Pepsi, Robina, Red bull etc. Competitors can lead to a dynamic periods of aggressive pricing and promotion in war for customers. Products and services are supposed as a commodity by consumers and resulting in low switching cost for consumers. 3.2 External (macro) Environment Analysis: PESTEL Analysis for external (macro) environment of Coca Cola. PESTEL Analysis undertaken to understand local, global factors influencing business and potential opportunity and threats. Here PESTEL analysis given bellow in a table: Table 1: PESTEL Analysis: Political Economical National Government Regulatory bodies Trade Associates Government Stability Newly Industrialised Employment Law Critical Global Market Important Political Events Market Structure Government Policy Taxation Interest Rates Personal Saving Rates Money Supply Inflation Disposal Income Social-Cultural Technological Population Demographics Culture Attitudes to Work and Leisure Current Issues Income Distribution Social Mobility Lifestyle Changes Level of Education Products Materials / Components Processes Distribution / Spending on Research Marketing/Administration Rates of Obsolescence New Discoveries / Developments / Product Innovations Legal Environmental Competition Law Health and Safety Employment Law National and World Legislation Trading Policies Regulatory Bodies Global Warming Environmental Issues Local and National Issues Current and Future Environmental Legislative Changes Recycling Considerations Source: http://www.slideshare.net/Jackieken/the-marketing-audit-download-ppt Political Factors: Coca Cola operates globally and their performance is influenced by the political stability and instability of these countries. There is currently political stability in the UK and Coca Cola business is flourishing, (2010). Economical Factors: High inflation in any of the counties will cause the price of Coca Cola to rise and consumption of Coca Cola may fall. The UK economy is recovering from recession and employment level is rising people will consume more Coca Cola products, (2010). Social Factors: Consumers in the different counties will have different taste and perception about Coca Cola. In the UK the brand is known for quality products and marketing it will be easier, (2010). Technological Factors: The present environment is technological driven and the need for dynamic development. Coca Cola has got experienced research and development (RD) team who find out new technologies to improve productivity, (2010). Legal Factors: The Coca Cola Company gets all the rights applicable in the nature of their business and every invention and product developments are always going into the copyright process, (2010). Environmental Factors: According to the data of the Coca Cola Company, all the services are strictly approved according to the environmental laws inflicted by the government, (2010). 3.3 Changes in the External (Macro) Environment: The Coca Cola Company has faced many changes in the external environment that have changed the management of the company. During the World War II, the Coca Cola was able to continue the position of the company, at the same time. The Coca Cola was able to enter fresh markets despite of the environment. The company turned out to be more aggressive through supplying free drinks for the GIs in the World War II. During this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone. First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a loyal symbol by the United States soldiers in which guided to consumer loyalty. Second, the Coca Cola was able to get benefit of the situation and determined the product in newly occupied countries by the Helper forces and due to the company created plants in different locations in the whole World paving the method for its post war expansion. Another thing is that, the external environment is the change of flavour and believes of the consumers. In the mid-1980s where the Americans favoured the sweet flavour of the competitor product, the company made its complement but it turned into a commercial failure. Coca Cola changed its management strategy and restored the old formula, and just changed its name, such as, Coca Cola Classic. After that Coca Cola got its position again and it released latest versions of Coke that address the needs of these kinds of customers, These products are included by Diet Coke and Coca Cola Zero. According to Bool, (2008) companies, for example, Coca Cola is necessary to change due to trends that have a huge impact on its business; another trend is health and fitness. Many people are spending extra money on their health; In addition, Coca Cola launched its new products which are a calorie burning soft drinks, such as, Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and Coke. Furthermore, Coca Cola is working together with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca Cola is contracting with innovation and change. For the duration of the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca Cola was also prompted to change its courses of management in that specific region. The responses and reactions of Coca Cola with the external environment are its internal changes. Organisational Change Management: This theory presents a general process for managing the change in the side of the people at an organisational level (Kotter, 1996). According to Hiatt and Creasey, the organisational change management is contains three stages, which are, preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change. The theory of organisational change management was efficiently used by Coca Cola. Various managers in different branches of the World have operated organisational change management in order to address the matters that the Coca Cola faced. According to the current stage, the main emphasis of the Coca-Cola is to get the needs of their consumers with outstanding product developing and product distribution. Coca Colas change management is very weak since Coca Cola forecasted that there are a number of marketing challenges in the near future that they have to face. 3.4 Internal Audit (SWOT Analysis: Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis of Coca Cola): This part of report provides information about current and previous years profit and loss account data, market share data, performance graph which have indicated internal or operational strengths and weaknesses of current marketing strategy and BCG Matrix. Table 1 Profit and Loss Account: Year ended 31, December 2010(Â £millions) 2009(Â £millions) 2008(Â £millions) Net operating revenues 21,959 ($35,119) 19,377 ($30,990) 19,974 ($31,944) Gross profit 14,022 ($22,426) 12,011 ($19,209) 12,862 ($20,570) Operating income 5,283 ($8,449) 5,146 ($8,231) 5,281 ($8,446) Income before taxes 8,906 ($14,243) 5,593 ($8,946) 4,693 ($7,506) Profit after tax 7,415 ($11,859) 4,318 ($6,906) 3,673 ($5,874) Source: http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/pdfs/form_10K_2010.pdf Profit and loss account indicates operational excellence of current marketing strengths. We see a consistent growth in the profit margin. In 2009 profit after tax was 4,318 and in 2010 it became 7,415. It is increased by 3,097 million pounds in a year. Market share of UKs soft drinks: Analysing market share of UK soft drinks, it is clear that Coca Cola is the market leader by getting 44% of total market.ÂÂ  The comparative positioning of Coca Colas market share with respect to other leading players in the market has been illustrated as follows, (2010). Figure 1: Coca Cola and other competitors Market Share Performance Graph: Performance graph of Coca Cola and Pepsi over the last five years can be summarised with the help of growth in following key indicators, (2010). Figure 2: Coca Cola Last Five Years Market Growth This graph clearly shows that Coca Cola in 2006, it was slight increase in profit margin but in 2007 it was slightly decrease. From 2008 to 2010 market growth of Coca Cola was increase year by year. Internal Strengths of Current Marketing Strategy: Coca-Cola has been an intricate part of American culture for over a century. The products image is laden with sentimentality, and this is an image many people have taken deeply to heart. Coca Cola is a very recognizable firm. Its products/brands are available everywhere in the World. Its popularity is one of greater strength is virtuallyÂÂ  incomparable. Coca Cola deals with huge amounts of money every year. Similarly, whole businesses they have had their ups and downs monetarily, but Coca Cola has done very well in this section and Coca Cola will go on to do well and make better than its competitors (Pepsi). The money they are earning, it is significantly better than most beverage companies (competitors), they use into their own company so that they can get well, (2010). Everybody is knownÂÂ  very well Coca Cola in the World. Its image is displayed on hats, collectible memorabilia and t-shirts. There is no doubt,ÂÂ  no beverage firm (competitor) compares to Coca Colas social popularity status. And this extremely recognizable branding is one of Coca-Colas greatest strengths, (2010). Even though, Coca Cola controls almost 44% of the whole drinks market, the changing health-consciousness attitude of the market could have a serious effect on Coca Cola. In addition, according to Bettman (1998), Coca-Colas bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It allows them to conduct business on a global scale while at the same time maintain a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and managed by independent business people who are authorized to sell products of the Coca-Cola Company. Because, Coke does not have outright ownership of its bottling network, its main source of revenue is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers, (2010). Internal Weaknesses of Current Marketing Strategy: Coca Cola has many weaknesses; they need to be finished these weaknesses, if they want to increase the next level. Now a days, constant shift to health products, some products could probably lose customers. This fresh focus on weight and health might be a problem for the item that is labelled detrimental to your health, (2010). Coca-Cola has recently reported some declines in unit case volumes in Indonesia and Thailand due to reduced consumer purchasing power. According to an article in (Fortune magazine), in Japan, unit case sales fell 3% in the second quarter scary because of Japan produces around 5% of worldwide volume, it contributes three times as much to profits. Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Japan account for about 35% of Cokes volume and none of these markets are performing to expectation (Mclean, 1998). Word of mouth unluckily is something that is very difficult to control. Although, people would have their views, Coca Cola has to try to control their negative views. If bad views are extinguish to people who have yet to try Coca Cola products, after that could create lost of customers which shows why word of mouth is a weakness, (2010). Coca Cola produces many drinks, some are very popular such as, Coke, Diet Coke and Sprite but Coca Cola has approximately made 500 different types of brands, such as, carbonates, energy drinks, sports drinks, fruit juices, water etc. Most of them unknown and rarely seen for available purchase. These drinks do not mostly taste bad, but are rather a result of low profile or nonexistent advertising, (2010). As we know, health is a significant matter in 21st century. Coke have high level of sugar and caffeine content. Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG Matrix): The BCG matrix method is the theory to determine list of priorities that should be given in the product portfolio of a business unit. There are two dimensions should be analyzed in the implementation of this method; market share and market growth. There are four characters in this diagram represent four categories of products in companys portfolio, which are given bellow. Stars: It represents the products that have a high market growth and high market share. Products in this class usually need a fairly high cost in the process of development. For example, Coca Colas bottled water (Dasani). Question Marks: It represents the products that have a high market growth and low market share. In this category, products have the worst cash characteristics because they have high level of the demand but low returns because of their low market share. For example, Coca Colas energy drink brand (Full Throttle). Cash Cows: Cash cows represent the products that have low market growth and high market share. In this class products should have huge level of profits and cash generation. In order to achieve that result, company should keep their level of investment low because the market growth for these products also low. Such as, namesakes soft drink (Coca-Cola). Dogs: Dogs represent the products that have low market growth as well as market share. Products in this category will absorb a lot of cash but low level of returns because low provided market share and weak market growth. For example, sweetened juice drinks (Hi-C), (2010). Coca Cola would use income from Coke to invest their primarily in Dasani and Full Throttle, whereas, looking to sell off Hi-C to some private equity fund with huge amount of cash on its hands. It is able to standard product life cycle tends to have five stages which are given bellow. Development Introduction Growth Maturity Decline As a result, Coca-Cola is presently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced mainly by the fact that they have a large, loyal group of stable consumers. In addition, cost management, product differentiation and marketing contain more important as growth slows and market share becomes the key determinant of profitability. In international markets the product life cycle is in more of a growth trend Cokes advantage in this section is primarily due to its establishment strong branding and it is now able to use this part of stable profitability to support financially the domestic Cola Wars, (2010). 4.0 Ansoffs Matrix: This Matrix was developed by Igor Ansoff; it is one of the most well known frameworks for deciding upon strategies for growth. It is a tool that helps the company to decide their product and market growth strategy. It is determined by two scopes of option which are products and markets. It consists of market penetration, product development, market development and diversification. Market Penetration: Selling more of an existing product to an existing market. It is going deeper into a market, such as, coke and diet coke. Coca Cola in UK is doing market penetration through the selling its products to the business buyers and retailers who are huge multinational organizations like Tesco, Asda, McDonalds, Subway, KFC and many more. Market Development: Selling an existing product in a new market, for example, taking out various bottle sizes to attract different buyers. It is called market development. Many flavours of Coca Cola are not being sold in every shop, retailer market and other business buyers. Coca Cola can develop a new market if they introduce those flavours in their market. Product Development: Selling a new product to an existing mark

McKays America Essay -- essays research papers

McKay's America 1)†America† is written in a Public voice. McKay writes this poem as though it is meant to be heard by all. However, there are some parts in â€Å"America† where it takes a more personal approach. For example, when McKay states â€Å"Stealing my breath of life, I will confess I love this cultured hell that tests my youth.† and also when he mentions how he gazes into the days ahead. I find in those sections of the poem McKay takes a more personal approach because of the specifics mentioned solely about her. The public approaches McKay makes in â€Å"America† are the parts where she is vaguer and the poem can relate to anyone. Specifically, the ending that focuses on the touch of time and priceless treasures can be construed by anyone to mean what they want. 2) McKay does not mention his heritage in â€Å"America† or his background because it is unnecessary. Anyone who has experienced America can relate to McKay’s poem. He seems as though he may have a better interpretation, because he has experienced other cultures. 3) In the poem â€Å"America† written in the traditional form it has a huge impact. The traditional form focuses on the nations popular heroes. This is America. Had this poem been written in a different format it is possible it wouldn’t have as deep of an impact. P.1051 1-3 1) â€Å"The Shrine Whose Shape I Am† tells the reader that the author is possibly a white Christian. The poem conveys that the author is Jewish and possibly white because it mentions many biblical ter...

malaria Essay -- essays research papers

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Pollution and Poverty Essay

Authorities on the environment claim that a wealthy state could also be a polluting state and affluence can constitute a serious threat to the environment. The movement for protecting the environment commenced with a slogan of conservation and gradually changed into an anti – technology movement. It opposed the activities of the government, oil companies and the nuclear industry. The impetus for the movement included several contrasting factors, such as developments in the physical sciences, which resulted in the capacity to detect very small amounts of chemicals; the Vietnam War; and the decisive book on this subject by Rachel Carson, namely, Silent Spring. The movement against the use of nuclear energy was stimulated by the proliferation of nuclear weapons. However this movement had exaggerated the dangers to the world, by expressing unfounded fears over minute traces of radiation in the environment, caused by the nuclear energy programs (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important to consider the Montreal Protocol, which was the first international consensus reached on prohibiting the use of certain chemicals. This Protocol was inspired by the movement, which had opposed the operation of supersonic aircraft for transportational needs. The operation of supersonic aircrafts damages the stratospheric ozone layer of the atmosphere. The documentary Against Nature depicts the views of wealthy Western nation environmentalists who argue that providing help to poor nations will compel them to increase production, which would make the world less sustainable. Those advocates of elitism demand that the poor nations should continue their traditional way of life such as agriculture, to be powered by animals or humans and not by tractors, and that energy should be produced by using cow dung rather than oil.   These comments address the social issue of population growth. However, population growth depends on the rate of fertility, which is continuously declining in every country. Thus, population growth should not be considered as a long – term global problem (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of fisheries such a viewpoint would be incorrect, because nearly a fourth of the world’s fisheries have been over exploited. There is a severe depletion of fish resources all over the world. In order, to address this problem there should be adequate institutional systems to ensure property rights. This arrangement could also prove to be unendurable for the poor people who live in the coastal areas and whose principal source of living is fishing (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just a century ago, fundamental elements like water and air were unsafe in the rich countries. For instance, there were killer smogs half a century ago. However, efforts were undertaken to provide better health to the public and that goal was achieved. Politicians have actively involved themselves in matters relating to measures that seek to reduce the pollution of the air, acid rain and stratospheric ozone depletion. These areas are fully controlled by political ideology, with little or no leeway for science and economics. For instance, in the year 1973 there was an oil crisis due to the vicious control exercised by OPEC on oil production. This was the creation of politics. There will be no shortage of oil in the coming years, because there are still unexplored deposits of heavy oil and tar sands. The earth contains vast resources of oil, which have not yet been explored. Such a measure involves a high cost factor (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Sophistication in science results in new types of automobiles such as hybrid – electric cars and fuel – cell technology based cars. Consumption of fossil fuels such as coal is increasing every year and the burning of coal provides eighty percent of the energy requirements of the US. Nearly half of the electric power derives from the consumption of coal. In the US, eighty – five percent of the fossil fuel reserves consist of coal. Even if the consumption of coal continues at the current rate, it will be available for another two hundred and fifty years (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solar energy is an abundant natural source of energy, but producing energy from solar power is not cost – effective. All the same, the utilization of solar energy is gradually on the increase. This is due to its high cost and the government’s reluctance to encourage its use by subsidizing it production and reducing costs. Uranium based nuclear fission energy is also a renewable energy source. The drawback with this source of energy is its cost and the requirements of technological infrastructure, moreover, the poor countries would not be able to afford nuclear fission plants (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is on the increase. This leads to global warming. However, it is very difficult to evaluate human contribution to the warming process, amidst natural temperature variations. In the period between 1940 and 1975 there was a thermal cooling of the atmosphere and this phenomenon defied a proper explanation. The analysis of satellite data has revealed that there was no global warming in the last two decades. At this juncture, it can be stated that human contribution to the global warming process is of lesser significance. The theories, which attribute global warming to human activities, do not clearly integrate various atmospheric changes and properties. The meteorological experts are in agreement with the fact that there are uncertainties in the atmospheric temperatures. Changes in the climate could be dealt with by making certain adjustments. Such adjustments are easily available to the affluent nations. Poor nations would have to face much difficulty, in switching over to alternative adjustments provided by the Kyoto Protocol. Natural calamities such as floods, droughts, hurricanes and earthquakes affect the poor countries more severely. The economies of the poor countries would be damaged further, with the result that the impoverished countries become much poorer There has been a prediction that the sea level would rise if the snow caps melt due to global warming, but that is a natural process, which is not dependent on human contribution (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remedial actions agreed to in the Kyoto Protocol would require the US to curtail its fossil fuel consumption by thirty percent in the next ten years. This would require the US to spend more money on other energy sources and would not achieve any tangible results. The estimated cost to be incurred by the US, if it was to go in for non – fossil fuel sources of energy, would be of the order of $2.3 trillion. The remedial actions provided by the Kyoto Protocol to mitigate the problem of global warming, energy rationing schemes and the adoption of stricter measures after 2012, would only serve to curtail the economic growth of the poor countries.   (Hollander, 2003. Pp. 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sophistication of science and improved living standards provide an opportunity to mitigate the problem of environmental pollution. Poor people do not attach much importance to problems arising from pollution. This is because they encounter more immediate problems to be resolved. Despite, affluence being a contributory factor to pollution, nevertheless, it provides an opportunity to address such problems   (SWAN, September 1972).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In poor nations, basic requirement like food, water and shelter are difficult to fulfill. Only on the fulfillment of these basic needs, will there be any devotion of thought to issues beyond such immediate requirements. The rich countries are at the moment opening their factories, on a very large scale, in the poor countries. This is because the labor there is cheap and abundant, and more importantly, the laws regarding environmental pollution are lax or non – existent. This permits the rich nations of the world to totally ignore all safety measures in such countries, while causing immeasurable damage to the environment of those countries. Such an incident transpired in 1984, in the city of Bhopal in India. The Union Carbide Company operated a battery plant in that place, without paying heed to safety regulations and with scant regard to the safety of the inhabitants. A large amount of methyl isocyanate gas leaked into the atmosphere, causing a large number of deaths and physical impairment. In the event of the existence of uniform standards, in the context of environmental pollution, such malpractices will be curtailed. From the foregoing discussion it is evident that it is essential to maintain the same environmental standards throughout the world. References    Hollander, J. M. (2003. Pp. 251). The Real Environmental Crisis: Why Poverty, not Affluence, Is the Environment’s Number One Enemy. Berkely, California: University of California Press. SWAN, J. A. (September 1972). Poverty, Prosperity, Pollution. Annals of Internal Medicine , Vol. 77. Iss. 3, Pp. 465 – 465 .